tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-41404084640106707432024-02-20T00:02:28.780-08:00Orient Drug CenterOrient Drug Centrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09407958951926565261noreply@blogger.comBlogger3125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4140408464010670743.post-66343662523645110992010-01-18T09:06:00.000-08:002010-03-02T09:35:03.612-08:00History Of Medicine<div><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#ffff99;"><strong><span style="font-size:180%;">History Of Medicine</span> </strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#ffff99;"><span style="font-family:courier new;font-size:180%;color:#ff6600;"></span></span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#ffff99;"><em><span style="font-family:courier new;font-size:180%;color:#ff6600;">Introduction:-</span><br /></em></span><span style="color:#ffffff;"></span><br /><span style="color:#ffffff;">Prehistoric medicine incorporated plants (herbalism), animal parts and minerals. In many cases these materials were used ritually as magical substances by priests, shamans, or medicine men. Well-known spiritual systems include animism (the notion of inanimate objects having spirits), spiritualism (an appeal to gods or communion with ancestor spirits); shamanism (the vesting of an individual with mystic powers); and divination (magically obtaining the truth). The field of medical anthropology examines the ways in which culture and society are organized around or impacted by issues of health, health care and related issues.<br />Early records on medicine have been discovered from early Ayurvedic medicine in the Indian subcontinent, ancient Egyptian medicine, traditional Chinese medicine and ancient Greek medicine. Earliest records of dedicated hospitals come from Mihintale in Sri Lanka where evidence of dedicated medicinal treatment facilities for patients are found.Early Greek doctor Hippocrates, who is called the Father of Medicine, and Galen laid a foundation for later developments in a rational approach to medicine. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the onset of the Dark Ages, the Greek tradition of medicine went into decline in Western Europe, although it continued uninterrupted in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium). After 750, the Muslim Arab world had Hippocrates' and Galen's works translated into Arabic, and Islamic physicians engaged in some significant medical research. Notable Islamic medical pioneers include polymath Avicenna, who, along with Hippocrates, has also been called the Father of Medicine,Abulcasis, the father of surgery, Avenzoar, the father of experimental surgery, Ibn al-Nafis, the father of circulatory physiology, and Averroes.Rhazes, who is called the father of pediatrics, was one of first to question the Greek theory of humorism, which nevertheless remained influential in both medieval Western and medieval Islamic medicine During the Crusades, one Muslim observer famously expressed a dim view of contemporary Western medicine. However, overall mortality and mordibity levels in the medieval Middle East and medieval Europe did not significantly differ one from the other, which indicates that there was no major medical "breakthrough" to modern medicine in either region in this period. The fourteenth and fifteenth century Black Death was just as devastating to the Middle East as to Europe, and it has even been argued that Western Europe was generally more effective in recovering from the pandemic than the Middle East. In the early modern period, important early figures in medicine and anatomy emerged in Europe, including Gabriele Falloppio and William Harvey.<br /><br /><br />An ancient Greek patient gets medical treatment: this aryballos (circa 480-470 BCE, now in Paris's Louvre Museum, probably contained healing oil<br />The major shift in medical thinking was the gradual rejection, especially during the Black Death in the 14th and 15th centuries, of what may be called the 'traditional authority' approach to science and medicine. This was the notion that because some prominent person in the past said something must be so, then that was the way it was, and anything one observed to the contrary was an anomaly (which was paralleled by a similar shift in European society in general - see Copernicus's rejection of Ptolemy's theories on astronomy). Physicians like Ibn al-Nafis and Vesalius improved upon or indeed rejected the theories of great authorities from the past (such as Hippocrates, and Galen), many of whose theories were in time discredited.<br />Modern scientific biomedical research (where results are testable and reproducible) began to replace early Western traditions based on herbalism, the Greek "four humours" and other such pre-modern notions. The modern era really began with Robert Koch's discoveries around 1880 of the transmission of disease by bacteria, and then the discovery of antibiotics around 1900. The post-18th century modernity period brought more groundbreaking researchers from Europe. From Germany and Austrian doctors such as Rudolf Virchow, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, Karl Landsteiner, and Otto Loewi) made contributions. In the United Kingdom Alexander Fleming, Joseph Lister, Francis Crick, and Florence Nightingale are considered important. From New Zealand and Australia came Maurice Wilkins, Howard Florey, and Frank Macfarlane Burnet). In the United States William Williams Keen, Harvey Cushing, William Coley, James D. Watson, Italy (Salvador Luria), Switzerland (Alexandre Yersin), Japan (Kitasato Shibasaburo), and France (Jean-Martin Charcot, Claude Bernard, Paul Broca and others did significant work. Russian (Nikolai Korotkov also did significant work, as did Sir William Osler and Harvey Cushing.<br />As science and technology developed, medicine became more reliant upon medications. Throughout history and in Europe right until the late 18th century not only animal and plant products were used as medicine, but also human body parts and fluids. Pharmacology developed from herbalism and many drugs are still derived from plants (atropine, ephedrine, warfarin, aspirin, digoxin, vinca alkaloids, taxol, hyoscine, etc). The first of these was arsphenamine / Salvarsan discovered by Paul Ehrlich in 1908 after he observed that bacteria took up toxic dyes that human cells did not. Vaccines were discovered by Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur. The first major class of antibiotics was the sulfa drugs, derived by French chemists originally from azo dyes. This has become increasingly sophisticated; modern biotechnology allows drugs targeted towards specific physiological processes to be developed, sometimes designed for compatibility with the body to reduce side-effects. Genomics and knowledge of human genetics is having some influence on medicine, as the causative genes of most monogenic genetic disorders have now been identified, and the development of techniques in molecular biology and genetics are influencing medical technology, practice and decision-making.<br />Evidence-based medicine is a contemporary movement to establish the most effective algorithms of practice (ways of doing things) through the use of systematic reviews and meta-analysis. The movement is facilitated by the modern global information science, which allows all evidence to be collected and analyzed according to standard protocols which are then disseminated to healthcare providers. One problem with this 'best practice' approach is that it could be seen to stifle novel approaches to treatment. The Cochrane Collaboration leads this movement. A 2001 review of 160 Cochrane systematic reviews revealed that, according to two readers, 21.3% of the reviews concluded insufficient evidence, 20% concluded evidence of no effect, and 22.5% concluded positive effect.</span><br /><span style="font-family:courier new;font-size:180%;color:#ff6600;">Clinical Practice:-</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#ffffff;">In clinical practice doctors personally assess patients in order to diagnose, treat, and prevent disease using clinical judgment. The doctor-patient relationship typically begins an interaction with an examination of the patient's medical history and medical record, followed a medical interview and a physical examination. Basic diagnostic medical devices (e.g. stethoscope, tongue depressor) are typically used. After examination for signs and interviewing for symptoms, the doctor may order medical tests (e.g. blood tests), take a biopsy, or prescribe pharmaceutical drugs or other therapies. Differential diagnosis methods help to rule out conditions based on the information provided. During the encounter, properly informing the patient of all relevant facts is an important part of the relationship and the development of trust. The medical encounter is then documented in the medical record, which is a legal document in many jurisdictions. Followups may be shorter but follow the same general procedure.<br /><br />The components of the medical interview and encounter are:<br /><br />* Chief complaint (cc): the reason for the current medical visit. These are the 'symptoms.' They are in the patient's own words and are recorded along with the duration of each one. Also called 'presenting complaint.'<br />* History of present illness / complaint (HPI): the chronological order of events of symptoms and further clarification of each symptom.<br />* Current activity: occupation, hobbies, what the patient actually does.<br />* Medications (Rx): what drugs the patient takes including prescribed, over-the-counter, and home remedies, as well as alternative and herbal medicines/herbal remedies. Allergies are also recorded.<br />* Past medical history (PMH/PMHx): concurrent medical problems, past hospitalizations and operations, injuries, past infectious diseases and/or vaccinations, history of known allergies.<br />* Social history (SH): birthplace, residences, marital history, social and economic status, habits (including diet, medications, tobacco, alcohol).<br />* Family history (FH): listing of diseases in the family that may impact the patient. A family tree is sometimes used.<br /><br />* Review of systems (ROS) or systems inquiry: a set of additional questions to ask which may be missed on HPI: a general enquiry (have you noticed any weight loss, change in sleep quality, fevers, lumps and bumps? etc), followed by questions on the body's main organ systems (heart, lungs, digestive tract, urinary tract, etc).<br /><br />The physical examination is the examination of the patient looking for signs of disease ('Symptoms' are what the patient volunteers, 'Signs' are what the healthcare provider detects by examination). The healthcare provider uses the senses of sight, hearing, touch, and sometimes smell (taste has been made redundant by the availability of modern lab tests). Four chief methods are used: inspection, palpation (feel), percussion (tap to determine resonance characteristics), and auscultation (listen); smelling may be useful (e.g. infection, uremia, diabetic ketoacidosis). The clinical examination involves study of:<br /><br />* Vital signs including height, weight, body temperature, blood pressure, pulse, respiration rate, hemoglobin oxygen saturation<br />* General appearance of the patient and specific indicators of disease (nutritional status, presence of jaundice, pallor or clubbing)<br />* Skin<br />* Head, eye, ear, nose, and throat (HEENT)<br />* Cardiovascular (heart and blood vessels)<br />* Respiratory (large airways and lungs)<br />* Abdomen and rectum<br />* Genitalia (and pregnancy if the patient is or could be pregnant)<br />* Musculoskeletal (including spine and extremities)<br />* Neurological (consciousness, awareness, brain, vision, cranial nerves, spinal cord and peripheral nerves)<br />* Psychiatric (orientation, mental state, evidence of abnormal perception or thought)<br /><br />Laboratory and imaging studies results may be obtained, if necessary.<br /><br />The medical decision-making (MDM) process involves analysis and synthesis of all the above data to come up with a list of possible diagnoses (the differential diagnoses), along with an idea of what needs to be done to obtain a definitive diagnosis that would explain the patient's problem.<br /><br />The treatment plan may include ordering additional laboratory tests and studies, starting therapy, referral to a specialist, or watchful observation. Follow-up may be advised.<br /><br />This process is used by primary care providers as well as specialists. It may take only a few minutes if the problem is simple and straightforward. On the other hand, it may take weeks in a patient who has been hospitalized with bizarre symptoms or multi-system problems, with involvement by several specialists.<br /><br />On subsequent visits, the process may be repeated in an abbreviated manner to obtain any new history, symptoms, physical findings, and lab or imaging results or specialist consu</span><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#ffffff;">ltations.</span><br /><span style="font-family:courier new;font-size:180%;color:#ff6600;">Institutions:-</span><br />Contemporary medicine is in general conducted within health care systems. Legal, credentialing and financing frameworks are established by individual governments, augmented on occasion by international organizations. The characteristics of any given health care system have significant impact on the way medical care is provided.<br /><br />Advanced industrial countries (with the exception of the United States) and many developing countries provide medical services though a system of universal health care which aims to guarantee care for all through a single-payer health care system, or compulsory private or co-operative health insurance. This is intended to ensure that the entire population has access to medical care on the basis of need rather than ability to pay. Delivery may be via private medical practices or by state-owned hospitals and clinics, or by charities; most commonly by a combination of all three.<br /><br />Most tribal societies, but also some communist countries (e.g. China) and the United States, provide no guarantee of health care for the population as a whole. In such societies, health care is available to those that can afford to pay for it or have self insured it (either directly or as part of an employment contract) or who may be covered by care financed by the government or tribe directly.<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR5pgYxSVL171ss8Zp_rKL7-IEU-XSvBXX1lgBiuO-p_odQ9J5XA55ecfMl7Etj8MmHzoWHgdCEKG4GI93KHYDGkPtkFDSgEOctVSo8KRqlgUr5kq0ZPfT41FEbgkYGQybHMnQxznOjfA/s1600-h/180px-Drug_ampoule_JPN.jpg"><img style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 181px; DISPLAY: block; HEIGHT: 204px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5429025023653901618" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR5pgYxSVL171ss8Zp_rKL7-IEU-XSvBXX1lgBiuO-p_odQ9J5XA55ecfMl7Etj8MmHzoWHgdCEKG4GI93KHYDGkPtkFDSgEOctVSo8KRqlgUr5kq0ZPfT41FEbgkYGQybHMnQxznOjfA/s320/180px-Drug_ampoule_JPN.jpg" /></a><br /><br /><br />Modern drug ampoulesTransparency of information is another factor defining a delivery system. Access to information on conditions, treatments, quality and pricing greatly affects the choice by patients / consumers and therefore the incentives of medical professionals. While the US health care system has come under fire for lack of openness, new legislation may encourage greater openness. There is a perceived tension between the need for transparency on the one hand and such issues as patient confidentiality and the possible exploitation of information for commercial gain on the other. </div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13px;"><h3 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom- color:initial;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Delivery"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF6600;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Delivery:-</span></span></span></span></span></h3><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; ">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinic" title="Clinic" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">clinic</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">hospital</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospice" title="Hospice" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">hospice</a></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Provision of medical care is classified into primary, secondary and tertiary care categories.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_care" title="Primary care" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Primary care</a> medical services are provided by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicians" title="Physicians" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">physicians</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician_assistants" title="Physician assistants" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">physician assistants</a>,Nurse Practitioners, or other health professionals who have first contact with a patient seeking medical treatment or care. These occur in physician offices, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinic" title="Clinic" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">clinics</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_home" title="Nursing home" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">nursing homes</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School" title="School" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">schools</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home" title="Home" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">home</a> visits and other places close to patients. About 90% of medical visits can be treated by the primary care provider. These include treatment of acute and chronic illnesses, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_care" title="Preventive care" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">preventive care</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_education" title="Health education" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">health education</a> for all ages and both sexes.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_care" title="Secondary care" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Secondary care</a> medical services are provided by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_specialist" title="Medical specialist" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">medical specialists</a> in their offices or clinics or at local community hospitals for a patient referred by a primary care provider who first diagnosed or treated the patient. Referrals are made for those patients who required the expertise or procedures performed by specialists. These include both<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulatory_care" title="Ambulatory care" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ambulatory care</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient#Outpatient_vs_Inpatient" title="Patient" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">inpatient</a> services, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_department" title="Emergency department" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">emergency rooms</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine" title="Intensive care medicine" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">intensive care medicine</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">surgery</a> services, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">physical therapy</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">labor and delivery</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">endoscopy</a> units, diagnostic<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_laboratory" title="Medical laboratory" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">laboratory</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">medical imaging</a> services, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospice_care" title="Hospice care" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">hospice</a> centers, etc. Some primary care providers may also take care of hospitalized patients and deliver babies in a secondary care setting.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_care" title="Tertiary care" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Tertiary care</a> medical services are provided by specialist hospitals or regional centers equipped with diagnostic and treatment facilities not generally available at local hospitals. These include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma_center" title="Trauma center" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">trauma centers</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn_(injury)" title="Burn (injury)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">burn</a> treatment centers, advanced <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatology" title="Neonatology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">neonatology</a> unit services, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplant" title="Organ transplant" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">organ transplants</a>, high-risk <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">pregnancy</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">radiation</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">oncology</a>, etc.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Modern medical care also depends on information - still delivered in many health care settings on paper records, but increasingly nowadays by electronic means.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "></p><h2 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size:19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF9900;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size:13px;"><h2 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); "><span class="mw-headline" id="Branches"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF6600;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-large;">Branches:-</span></span></span></h2><div><span class="mw-headline" id="Branches"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FF6600;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Working together as an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdisciplinary_team" title="Interdisciplinary team" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">interdisciplinary team</a>, many highly-trained <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_profession" title="Health profession" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">health professionals</a> besides medical practitioners are involved in the delivery of modern health care. Examples include: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse" title="Nurse" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">nurses</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_technician" title="Emergency medical technician" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">emergency medical technicians</a> and paramedics, laboratory scientists, (pharmacy, pharmacists), (physiotherapy,physiotherapists), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_therapists" title="Respiratory therapists" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">respiratory therapists</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_therapy" title="Speech therapy" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">speech therapists</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_therapy" title="Occupational therapy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">occupational therapists</a>, radiographers, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietitian" title="Dietitian" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">dietitians</a> and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioengineering" title="Bioengineering" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">bioengineers</a>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The scope and sciences underpinning human medicine overlap many other fields. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Dentistry</a>, while a separate discipline from medicine, is considered a medical field.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">A patient admitted to hospital is usually under the care of a specific team based on their main presenting problem, e.g. the Cardiology team, who then may interact with other specialties, e.g. surgical, radiology, to help diagnose or treat the main problem or any subsequent complications / developments.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Physicians have many specializations and subspecializations into certain branches of medicine, which are listed below. There are variations from country to country regarding which specialties certain subspecialties are in.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The main branches of medicine used in Wikipedia are:</p><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Basic sciences of medicine; this is what every physician is educated in, and some return to in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_research#Preclinical_research" title="Biomedical research" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">biomedical research</a>.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_specialties" title="Medical specialties" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Medical specialties</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdisciplinary_sub-specialties_of_medicine" title="Interdisciplinary sub-specialties of medicine" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">interdisciplinary fields</a>, where different medical specialties are mixed to function in certain occasions.</li></ul></span></span></span></div></span></span></h2><p></p></span></div>Orient Drug Centrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09407958951926565261noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4140408464010670743.post-47787371536267765232009-08-23T19:32:00.000-07:002010-01-17T03:28:55.024-08:00<div align="left"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="TEXT-DECORATION: none" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBFIZEJ16XMJ-eHASEijtiWAsLQe-JdZQOuSIq2BtlIiEYoDCszMIwV1Qe6Tk7hkokE0b9C9rK8epKpbL_h8j641vtePbK5KC62Emd8fJ4enueqm87xdb6VKzUd2zmk80i0JtrBy3J450/s1600-h/Luv+Pharmacy.jpg"><span style="font-size:0;"></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;font-size:180%;color:#000000;"><strong><em>No Tamiflu? Use Anti Flu instead</em></strong></span></div><div align="left"><span style="color:#cccccc;">Docs prescribe Anti Flu tablets to swine flu patients as it has same chemical composition as TamifluEven though Tamiflu is the officially sanctioned drug for the cure of swine flu, city doctors are prescribing Anti Flu tablets to swine flu patients.Experts say that Anti Flu, which is manufactured by an Indian drugs company, has the same chemical properties as Tamiflu and come cheaper.<br />Under cover: The drug is being prescribed by some of the medical practitioners to swine flu patients in the city.Said Dr Pramod Moghe, senior chemical scientist and founder of Dolas Vidnyan, "Anti Flu is now available through three distributing agencies Nippon pharmacy (Japan), Trustmedic.com and e-Snips.com. It is available online across the world and does not require a prescription. Besides, it's also certified by the World Health Organisation (WHO)."Dr Suresh Jadhav, executive director, Serum Institute of India Limited, said the Indian government has exported Anti Flu tablets to other countries for treating swine flu. "It is true that the government has gone easy on some of the restrictions it had imposed on the sale of the drug in India. The drug is being prescribed by some of the medical practitioners to swine flu patients," he said. Dr Dilip Sarda, president, Indian Medical Association (Pune), said that Cipla's Anti Flu and nasal drops Zanamivir will hit the market in large quantities soon. "Four more drug manufacturing companies in the country have been given permission to manufacture Tami flu under the pharmaceutical name of Oseltamivir."These drugs will sold under the Schedule H license, which can only be sold under the supervision of doctors, as they have serious side effects.Dnyaneshwar Narhare, president, Chemist Association of Pune District, said only three chemists in the city have the H license. "Companies like Cipla, Ranbaxy and Hetradrug are also coming out with Tamiflu replacements," Narhare said.Rs 130The cost of 10 Anti Flu tablets Rs 250The cost of 10 Tamiflu tablets</span></div>Orient Drug Centrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09407958951926565261noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4140408464010670743.post-63570690741682451562009-04-26T19:29:00.000-07:002010-01-17T03:34:03.586-08:00Swine Flu<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/AntigenicShift_HiRes.png/250px-AntigenicShift_HiRes.png"><span style="color:#000000;"><img style="MARGIN: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; WIDTH: 250px; FLOAT: right; HEIGHT: 402px; CURSOR: pointer" border="0" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/AntigenicShift_HiRes.png/250px-AntigenicShift_HiRes.png" /></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-large;"><span style="COLOR: rgb(102,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">About Swine Flu--</span></span></i></b> </span><div><span style="COLOR: rgb(102,255,255);font-size:6;" class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:24;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span></span></div><div><span style="COLOR: rgb(102,255,255);font-size:6;" class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:24;"><b><i><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19px; FONT-STYLE: normal" class="Apple-style-span"><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="color:#000000;"><b><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Swine influenza</span></b><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> (also called </span><b><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">H1N1 flu</span></b><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, </span><b><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">swine flu</span></b><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, </span><b><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">hog flu</span></b><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, and </span><b><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">pig flu</span></b><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">) is an infection by any one of several types of swine influenza </span></span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Virus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">virus</span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">. </span><b><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Swine influenza virus</span></b><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> (</span><b><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">SIV</span></b><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">) is any strain of the </span></span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Orthomyxoviridae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">influenza family of viruses</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> that is </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Endemism" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">endemic</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> in </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Pig" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">pigs</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">. As of 2009, the known SIV strains include </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Influenzavirus C" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenzavirus_C"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">influenza C</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> and the subtypes of </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="Influenza A Virus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_A_Virus"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">influenza A</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> known as </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="H1N1" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H1N1"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">H1N1</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="H1N2" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H1N2"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">H1N2</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="H3N1" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H3N1"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">H3N1</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="H3N2" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H3N2"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">H3N2</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, and</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="H2N3" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H2N3"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">H2N3</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">.</span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Swine influenza virus is common throughout pig populations worldwide. Transmission of the virus from pigs to humans is not common and does not always lead to </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="Human influenza" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_influenza"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">human influenza</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, often resulting only in the production of </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Antibody" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">antibodies</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> in the blood. If transmission does cause human influenza, it is called </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Zoonosis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonosis"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">zoonotic</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> swine flu. People with regular exposure to pigs are at increased risk of swine flu infection. The meat of an infected animal poses no risk of infection when properly cooked.</span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">During the mid-20th century, identification of influenza subtypes became possible, allowing accurate diagnosis of transmission to humans. Since then, only 50 such transmissions have been confirmed. These strains of swine flu rarely pass from human to human. Symptoms of zoonotic swine flu in humans are similar to those of </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Influenza" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">influenza</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> and of </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Influenza-like illness" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza-like_illness"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">influenza-like illness</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> in general, namely </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="Chills" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chills"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">chills</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Fever" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">fever</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharyngitis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngitis"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">sore throat</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Myalgia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgia"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">muscle pains</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, severe </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Headache" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headache"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">headache</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Cough" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cough"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">coughing</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Fatigue (medical)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_%28medical%29"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">weakness</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> and </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Malaise" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaise"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">general discomfort</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">.</span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="color:#000000;"></span></p><h2 style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.17em; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.6em; FONT-WEIGHT: normal"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Classification</span></span></h2><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Of the three </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genera"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">genera</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> of influenza viruses that cause </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Human flu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_flu"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">human flu</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, two also cause influenza in pigs, with </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Influenzavirus A" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenzavirus_A"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">influenza A</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> being common in pigs and </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Influenzavirus C" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenzavirus_C"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">influenza C</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> being rare. </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Influenzavirus B" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenzavirus_B"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Influenza B</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> has not been reported in pigs. Within influenza A and influenza C, the strains found in pigs and humans are largely distinct, although due to </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Reassortment" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reassortment"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">reassortment</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> there have been transfers of genes among strains crossing swine, avian, and human species boundaries.</span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" id="Influenza_C" name="Influenza_C"></a></span></p><h3 style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.17em; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.3em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; PADDING-TOP: 0.5em"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Influenza C</span></span></h3><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Influenza C viruses infect both humans and pigs, but do not infect birds. Transmission between pigs and humans have occurred in the past. For example, influenza C caused small outbreaks of a mild form of influenza amongst children in Japan and California. Due to its limited host range and the lack of genetic diversity in influenza C, this form of influenza does not cause pandemics in humans.</span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" id="Influenza_A" name="Influenza_A"></a></span></p><h3 style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.17em; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.3em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; PADDING-TOP: 0.5em"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Influenza A</span></span></h3><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Swine influenza is known to be caused by influenza A subtypes </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="H1N1" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H1N1"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">H1N1</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="H1N2" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H1N2"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">H1N2</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="H2N3" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H2N3"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">H2N3</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">,</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="H3N1" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H3N1"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">H3N1</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">,and </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="H3N2" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H3N2"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">H3N2</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">. In pigs, three influenza A virus subtypes (H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2) are the most common strains worldwide. In the </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">United States</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, the H1N1 subtype was exclusively prevalent among swine populations before 1998; however, since late August 1998, H3N2 subtypes have been isolated from pigs. As of 2004, H3N2 virus isolates in US swine and turkey stocks were triple </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Reassortment" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reassortment"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">reassortants</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, containing genes from </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Human flu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_flu"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">human</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> (HA, NA, and PB1), swine (NS, NP, and M), and </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Avian influenza" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_influenza"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">avian</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> (PB2 and PA) lineages.</span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:100%;"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 10px;font-size:11;" class="Apple-style-span" ><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19px;font-size:13;color:#000000;" class="Apple-style-span" ></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:100%;"><h2 style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.17em; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.6em; FONT-WEIGHT: normal"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Signs and symptoms</span></span></h2></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:100%;"></span></i></b></span><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:100%;"></span><p><span style="color:#000000;"></span></p><p><span style="color:#000000;"></span></p></i></b></span><div><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,0,0);font-size:7;" class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:48;"><b><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19px" class="Apple-style-span"><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(51,255,255);font-family:'times new roman';" class="Apple-style-span" ><b><i><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19px;color:#000000;" class="Apple-style-span" ></span></i></b></span></p><span style="COLOR: rgb(51,255,255);font-family:'times new roman';" class="Apple-style-span" ><b><i><h3 style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.17em; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.3em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; PADDING-TOP: 0.5em"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">In swine</span></span></h3><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">In pigs influenza infection produces </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Fever" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">fever</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="Lethargy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethargy"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">lethargy</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="Sneezing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneezing"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">sneezing</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="Coughing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coughing"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">coughing</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspnea"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">difficulty breathing</span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> and decreased appetite.</span><sup style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1em; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-WEIGHT: normal" id="cite_ref-Kothalawala_10-3" class="reference"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; WHITE-SPACE: nowrap; TEXT-DECORATION: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swine_influenza#cite_note-Kothalawala-10"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">[</span></span><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">11</span><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">]</span></span></a></sup><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> In some cases the infection can cause </span></span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Abortion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">abortion</span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">. Although mortality is usually low (around 1-4%),</span><sup style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1em; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-WEIGHT: normal" id="cite_ref-Merck_1-3" class="reference"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; WHITE-SPACE: nowrap; TEXT-DECORATION: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swine_influenza#cite_note-Merck-1"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">[</span></span><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">2</span><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">]</span></span></a></sup><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> the virus can produce </span></span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Weight loss" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_loss"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">weight loss</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> and </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Growth failure" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_failure"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">poor growth</span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, causing economic loss to farmers.</span><sup style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1em; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-WEIGHT: normal" id="cite_ref-Kothalawala_10-4" class="reference"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; WHITE-SPACE: nowrap; TEXT-DECORATION: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swine_influenza#cite_note-Kothalawala-10"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">[</span></span><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">11</span><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">]</span></span></a></sup><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> Infected pigs can lose up to 12 pounds of body weight over a 3 to 4 week period.</span><sup style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1em; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-WEIGHT: normal" id="cite_ref-Kothalawala_10-5" class="reference"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; WHITE-SPACE: nowrap; TEXT-DECORATION: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swine_influenza#cite_note-Kothalawala-10"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">[</span></span><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">11</span><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">]</span></span></a></sup></span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" id="In_humans" name="In_humans"></a></span></p><h3 style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.17em; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.3em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; PADDING-TOP: 0.5em"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">In humans</span></span></h3><div style="BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: white; MARGIN: 0.5em 0px 0.8em 1.4em; WIDTH: auto; BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; FLOAT: right; CLEAR: right; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none" class="thumb tright"><div style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; MIN-WIDTH: 100px; TEXT-ALIGN: center; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px !important; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(249,249,249); PADDING-LEFT: 3px !important; WIDTH: 182px; PADDING-RIGHT: 3px !important; FONT-SIZE: 12px; OVERFLOW: hidden; BORDER-TOP: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 3px !important" class="thumbinner"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="image" title="Main symptoms of swine flu in humans[68]" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PD_Diagram_of_swine_flu_symptoms_EN.svg"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"><img style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-TOP: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid" class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/PD_Diagram_of_swine_flu_symptoms_EN.svg/180px-PD_Diagram_of_swine_flu_symptoms_EN.svg.png" width="180" height="255" /></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"> </span><div style="BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none; TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px !important; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.4em; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; PADDING-LEFT: 3px !important; PADDING-RIGHT: 3px !important; BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; FONT-SIZE: 11px; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; PADDING-TOP: 3px !important" class="thumbcaption"><div style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none !important; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none !important; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none !important; BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none !important; FLOAT: right; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none !important" class="magnify"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none !important; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none !important; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none !important; DISPLAY: block; BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none !important; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none !important; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PD_Diagram_of_swine_flu_symptoms_EN.svg"><span style="color:#000000;"></span></a></div><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Main symptoms of swine flu in humans</span></div></div></div><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Direct transmission of a swine flu virus from pigs to humans is occasionally possible (called </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Zoonosis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonosis"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">zoonotic</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> swine flu). In all, 50 cases are known to have occurred since the first report in medical literature in 1958, which have resulted in a total of six deaths. Of these six people, one was pregnant, one had </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Leukemia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">leukemia</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, one had </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="Hodgkin disease" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgkin_disease"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Hodgkin disease</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> and two were known to be previously healthy.Despite these apparently low numbers of infections, the true rate of infection may be higher, since most cases only cause a very mild disease, and will probably never be reported or diagnosed.</span></p><div style="BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: white; MARGIN: 0.5em 0px 0.8em 1.4em; WIDTH: auto; BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; FLOAT: right; CLEAR: right; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none" class="thumb tright"></div><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">According to the </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> (CDC), in humans the symptoms of the 2009 "swine flu" H1N1 virus are similar to those of </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Influenza" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">influenza</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> and of </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Influenza-like illness" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza-like_illness"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">influenza-like illness</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> in general. Symptoms include </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Fever" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">fever</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Cough" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cough"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">cough</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="Sore throat" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sore_throat"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">sore throat</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, body aches, </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Headache" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headache"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">headache</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="Chills" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chills"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">chills</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> and </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Fatigue" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">fatigue</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">. The 2009 outbreak has shown an increased percentage of patients reporting </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Diarrhea" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">diarrhea</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> and </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Vomiting" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomiting"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">vomiting</span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">.</span><sup style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1em; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-WEIGHT: normal" id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; WHITE-SPACE: nowrap; TEXT-DECORATION: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swine_influenza#cite_note-69"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">[</span></span><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">70</span><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">]</span></span></a></sup><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> The 2009 H1N1 virus is not zoonotic swine flu, as it is not transmitted from pigs to humans, but from person to person.</span></span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Because these symptoms are not specific to swine flu, a </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Differential diagnosis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">differential diagnosis</span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> of </span><i><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">probable</span></i><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> swine flu requires not only symptoms but also a high likelihood of swine flu due to the person's recent history. For example, during the </span></span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 swine flu outbreak in the United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_swine_flu_outbreak_in_the_United_States"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">2009 swine flu outbreak in the United States</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, CDC advised physicians to "consider swine influenza infection in the differential diagnosis of patients with </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute febrile respiratory illness" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_febrile_respiratory_illness"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">acute febrile respiratory illness</span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> who have either been in contact with persons with confirmed swine flu, or who were in one of the five U.S. states that have reported swine flu cases or in Mexico during the 7 days preceding their illness onset." A diagnosis of </span><i><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">confirmed</span></i><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> swine flu requires laboratory testing of a respiratory sample (a simple nose and throat swab).</span></span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">The most common cause of death is </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Respiratory failure" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_failure"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">respiratory failure</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">, other causes of death are </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Pneumonia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">pneumonia</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> (leading to </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Sepsis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">sepsis</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">), high fever (leading to neurological problems), </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Dehydration" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydration"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">dehydration</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> (from excessive vomiting and </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Diarrhea" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">diarrhea</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">) and </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrolyte imbalance" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">electrolyte imbalance</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">. Fatalities are more likely in young children and the elderly.</span></p><h2 style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.17em; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.6em; FONT-WEIGHT: normal"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Prevention</span></span></h2><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Prevention of swine influenza has three components: prevention in swine, prevention of transmission to humans, and prevention of its spread among humans.</span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" id="Prevention_in_swine" name="Prevention_in_swine"></a></span></p><h3 style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.17em; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.3em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; PADDING-TOP: 0.5em"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Prevention in swine</span></span></h3><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Methods of preventing the spread of influenza among swine include facility management, herd management, and vaccination (</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="ATCvet" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATCvet"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">ATCvet</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> code: </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="ATC code I09" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_I09"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">QI09</span></a><span class="reflink plainlinksneverexpand"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">AA03</span></span><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">). Because much of the illness and death associated with swine flu involves secondary infection by other pathogens, control strategies that rely on vaccination may be insufficient.</span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Control of swine influenza by vaccination has become more difficult in recent decades, as the </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Evolution" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">evolution</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> of the </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Virus" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">virus</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> has resulted in inconsistent responses to traditional vaccines. Standard commercial swine flu vaccines are effective in controlling the infection when the virus strains match enough to have significant cross-protection, and custom (autogenous) vaccines made from the specific viruses isolated are created and used in the more difficult cases. Present </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Influenza vaccine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_vaccine"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">vaccination</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> strategies for SIV control and prevention in swine farms typically include the use of one of several bivalent SIV vaccines commercially available in the United States. Of the 97 recent H3N2 isolates examined, only 41 isolates had strong serologic cross-reactions with antiserum to three commercial SIV vaccines. Since the protective ability of influenza vaccines depends primarily on the closeness of the match between the vaccine virus and the epidemic virus, the presence of nonreactive H3N2 SIV variants suggests that current commercial vaccines might not effectively protect pigs from infection with a majority of H3N2 viruses. The United States Department of Agriculture researchers say that while pig vaccination keeps pigs from getting sick, it does not block infection or shedding of the virus.</span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Facility management includes using disinfectants and ambient temperature to control virus in the environment. The virus is unlikely to survive outside living cells for more than two weeks, except in cold (but above freezing) conditions, and it is readily inactivated by disinfectants.Herd management includes not adding pigs carrying influenza to herds that have not been exposed to the virus. The virus survives in healthy carrier pigs for up to 3 months and can be recovered from them between outbreaks. Carrier pigs are usually responsible for the introduction of SIV into previously uninfected herds and countries, so new animals should be </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Quarantine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarantine"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">quarantined</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">. After an outbreak, as immunity in exposed pigs wanes, new outbreaks of the same strain can occur.</span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" id="Prevention_in_humans" name="Prevention_in_humans"></a></span></p><h3 style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.17em; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.3em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; PADDING-TOP: 0.5em"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Prevention in humans</span></span></h3><dl style="MARGIN-TOP: 0.2em; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.5em"><dt style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Prevention of pig to human transmission</span></dt></dl><div style="BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: white; MARGIN: 0.5em 0px 0.8em 1.4em; WIDTH: auto; BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; FLOAT: right; CLEAR: right; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none" class="thumb tright"><div style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; MIN-WIDTH: 100px; TEXT-ALIGN: center; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px !important; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(249,249,249); PADDING-LEFT: 3px !important; WIDTH: 252px; PADDING-RIGHT: 3px !important; FONT-SIZE: 12px; OVERFLOW: hidden; BORDER-TOP: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; PADDING-TOP: 3px !important" class="thumbinner"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="image" title="AntigenicShift HiRes.png" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AntigenicShift_HiRes.png"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"><img style="BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(255,255,255); VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; BORDER-TOP: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid" class="thumbimage" alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/AntigenicShift_HiRes.png/250px-AntigenicShift_HiRes.png" width="250" height="402" /></span></a><span style="color:#000000;"> </span><div style="BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none; TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3px !important; LINE-HEIGHT: 1.4em; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; PADDING-LEFT: 3px !important; PADDING-RIGHT: 3px !important; BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none; FONT-SIZE: 11px; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; PADDING-TOP: 3px !important" class="thumbcaption"><div style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none !important; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none !important; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none !important; BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none !important; FLOAT: right; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none !important" class="magnify"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none !important; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none !important; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none !important; DISPLAY: block; BORDER-TOP-STYLE: none !important; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none !important; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AntigenicShift_HiRes.png"><span style="color:#000000;"></span></a></div></div></div></div><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Swine can be infected by both avian and human influenza strains of influenza, and therefore are hosts where the </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Antigenic shift" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenic_shift"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">antigenic shifts</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> can occur that create new influenza strains.</span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">The transmission from swine to human is believed to occur mainly in swine farms where farmers are in close contact with live pigs. Although strains of swine influenza are usually not able to infect humans this may occasionally happen, so farmers and veterinarians are encouraged to use a face </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Surgical mask" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_mask"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">mask</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> when dealing with infected animals. The use of vaccines on swine to prevent their infection is a major method of limiting swine to human transmission. Risk factors that may contribute to swine-to-human transmission include smoking and not wearing gloves when working with sick animals.</span></p><dl style="MARGIN-TOP: 0.2em; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.5em"><dt style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Prevention of human to human transmission</span></dt></dl><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Influenza spreads between humans through coughing or sneezing and people touching something with the virus on it and then touching their own nose or mouth.Swine flu cannot be spread by pork products, since the virus is not transmitted through food. The swine flu in humans is most contagious during the first five days of the illness although some people, most commonly children, can remain contagious for up to ten days. Diagnosis can be made by sending a specimen, collected during the first five days for analysis.</span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Recommendations to prevent spread of the virus among humans include using standard </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Influenza" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza#Infection_control"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">infection control against influenza</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">. This includes frequent washing of hands with soap and water or with alcohol-based hand sanitizers, especially after being out in public.Chance of transmission is also reduced by disinfecting household surfaces, which can be done effectively with a diluted chlorine bleach solution.</span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Experts agree that hand-washing can help prevent viral infections, including ordinary influenza and the swine flu virus. Also avoiding touching eyes, nose and mouth with hands prevents flu. Influenza can spread in coughs or sneezes, but an increasing body of evidence shows small droplets containing the virus can linger on tabletops, telephones and other surfaces and be transferred via the fingers to the mouth, nose or eyes. Alcohol-based gel or foam hand sanitizers work well to destroy viruses and bacteria. Anyone with flu-like symptoms such as a sudden fever, cough or muscle aches should stay away from work or public transportation and should contact a doctor for advice.</span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="Social distancing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_distancing"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Social distancing</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> is another tactic. It means staying away from other people who might be infected and can include avoiding large gatherings, spreading out a little at work, or perhaps staying home and lying low if an infection is spreading in a community. </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Public health" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Public health</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> and other responsible authorities have action plans which may request or require social distancing actions depending on the severity of the outbreak.</span></p><dl style="MARGIN-TOP: 0.2em; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.5em"><dt style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0.1em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Vaccination</span></dt></dl><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Vaccine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Vaccines</span></a><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> are available for different kinds of swine flu. Although the current trivalent influenza vaccine is unlikely to provide protection against the new 2009 H1N1 strain, vaccines against the new strain are being developed and could be ready as early as November 2009.</span><sup style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1em; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-WEIGHT: normal" id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; WHITE-SPACE: nowrap; TEXT-DECORATION: none" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swine_influenza#cite_note-84"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">[</span></span><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">85</span><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">]</span></span></a></sup></span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" id="Treatment" name="Treatment"></a></span></p><h2 style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(170,170,170) 1px solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.17em; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.6em; FONT-WEIGHT: normal"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Treatment</span></span></h2><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" id="In_swine_2" name="In_swine_2"></a></span></p><h3 style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.17em; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.3em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; PADDING-TOP: 0.5em"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">In swine</span></span></h3><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">As swine influenza is rarely fatal to pigs, little treatment beyond rest and supportive care is required. Instead veterinary efforts are focused on preventing the spread of the virus throughout the farm, or to other farms.Vaccination and animal management techniques are most important in these efforts. Antibiotics are also used to treat this disease, which although they have no effect against the influenza virus, do help prevent bacterial </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Pneumonia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">pneumonia</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> and other </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary infection" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_infection"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">secondary infections</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> in influenza-weakened herds.</span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" id="In_humans_2" name="In_humans_2"></a></span></p><h3 style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.17em; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0.3em; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; PADDING-TOP: 0.5em"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">In humans</span></span></h3><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">If a person becomes sick with swine flu, antiviral drugs can make the illness milder and make the patient feel better faster. They may also prevent serious flu complications. For treatment, antiviral drugs work best if started soon after getting sick (within 2 days of symptoms). Beside antivirals, supportive care at home or in hospital, focuses on controlling fevers, relieving pain and maintaining fluid balance, as well as identifying and treating any secondary infections or other medical problems. The U.S. </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> recommends the use of Tamiflu (</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Oseltamivir" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseltamivir"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">oseltamivir</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">) or Relenza (</span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Zanamivir" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanamivir"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">zanamivir</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">) for the treatment and/or prevention of infection with swine influenza viruses; however, the majority of people infected with the virus make a full recovery without requiring medical attention or antiviral drugs. The virus isolates in the 2009 outbreak have been found resistant to </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Amantadine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amantadine"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">amantadine</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> and </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Rimantadine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimantadine"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">rimantadine</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">.</span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">In the U.S., on April 27, 2009, the </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Food and Drug Administration (United States)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration_%28United_States%29"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Food and Drug Administration</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> (FDA) issued </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Emergency Use Authorization" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Use_Authorization"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Emergency Use Authorizations</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> to make available </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="Relenza" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relenza"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Relenza</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> and </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamiflu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamiflu"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">Tamiflu</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> </span><a style="BACKGROUND-IMAGE: none; TEXT-DECORATION: none" title="Antiviral drug" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiviral_drug"><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span">antiviral drugs</span></a><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)" class="Apple-style-span"> to treat the swine influenza virus in cases for which they are currently unapproved. The agency issued these EUAs to allow treatment of patients younger than the current approval allows and to allow the widespread distribution of the drugs, including by non-licensed volunteers.</span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 1.5em; MARGIN: 0.4em 0px 0.5em"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:100%;"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 10px;font-size:11;" class="Apple-style-span" ><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19px" class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:130%;"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; FONT-STYLE: normal" class="Apple-style-span"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></p></i></b></span><p></p><p></p></span></b></span></span></div><div><span style="COLOR: rgb(255,0,0);font-size:180%;" class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:18;"><b></b></span></span></div></div>Orient Drug Centrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09407958951926565261noreply@blogger.com0